炎症是抵抗损伤和感染的第一反应，对于损伤后组织的再生和修复也至关重要。专业免疫细胞在组织愈合中的作用已得到充分表征。专业免疫细胞通过体液和细胞毒性反应对病原体做出反应；通过胞吞作用去除细胞碎片；分泌血管生成细胞因子和生长因子来修复微血管和实质。然而，非免疫细胞也能够对损伤或病原体做出反应。非免疫体细胞表达模式识别受体（PRR）来检测病原体相关分子模式（PAMP）和损伤相关分子模式（DAMP）。 PRR 激活导致组织防御和修复所需的炎症细胞因子的释放。值得注意的是，PRR 的激活还会引发表观遗传变化，从而促进 DNA 可接近性和细胞可塑性。因此，非免疫细胞直接对局部炎症信号做出反应，并且可以经历表型修饰甚至细胞谱系转变以促进组织再生。本综述将重点关注细胞自主炎症信号传导在介导细胞可塑性（称为转炎症）中的新作用。我们将通过表观遗传修饰剂的功能和表达水平的变化，以及细胞命运转变过程中 DNA 可及性的代谢和 ROS/RNS 介导的表观遗传调节来讨论这一过程的调节。我们将重点介绍检测细胞可塑性的最新技术发展以及组织再生中转炎症的潜在治疗应用。
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Transflammation in tissue regeneration and response to injury: How cell-autonomous inflammatory signaling mediates cell plasticity
Inflammation is a first responder against injury and infection and is also critical for the regeneration and repair of tissue after injury. The role of professional immune cells in tissue healing is well characterized. Professional immune cells respond to pathogens with humoral and cytotoxic responses; remove cellular debris through efferocytosis; secrete angiogenic cytokines and growth factors to repair the microvasculature and parenchyma. However, non-immune cells are also capable of responding to damage or pathogens. Non-immune somatic cells express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The PRRs activation leads to the release of inflammatory cytokines required for tissue defense and repair. Notably, the activation of PRRs also triggers epigenetic changes that promote DNA accessibility and cellular plasticity. Thus, non-immune cells directly respond to the local inflammatory cues and can undergo phenotypic modifications or even cell lineage transitions to facilitate tissue regeneration. This review will focus on the novel role of cell-autonomous inflammatory signaling in mediating cell plasticity, a process which is termed transflammation. We will discuss the regulation of this process by changes in the functions and expression levels of epigenetic modifiers, as well as metabolic and ROS/RNS-mediated epigenetic modulation of DNA accessibility during cell fate transition. We will highlight the recent technological developments in detecting cell plasticity and potential therapeutic applications of transflammation in tissue regeneration.